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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V) define PE as a persistent or recurrent ejaculation that occurs within approximately 1 minute after vaginal penetration and before the individual wishes it. The problem must present for at least 6 months and present on almost all (approximately 75–100%) or on all occasions of sexual attempts with clinically significant distress and cannot be explained by a nonsexual mental disorder or as a result of severe relationship distress and is not attributable to the effects of a substance/medication or other medical condition [Citation3,Citation4]. A recent comprehensive novel classification of PE was reported by Raveendran A. In this classification, the grading of the severity of reduction of IELT was reported as mild or grade 1 (IELT of 2 to 3 minutes), moderate or grade 2 (IELT of 1 to less than 2 minutes), severe or grade 3 (IELT less than 1 minute), and extreme or grade 4 (ejaculation occurring prior to vaginal penetration) [Citation5].

Patients and methods

This was a prospective, randomized work of patients who attended our andrology clinic with PE from May 2021 to September 2022. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups (using a block randomization strategy in Stata, version 13.1, Stata Corp, for Microsoft windows). Participants in group (A) received on- demand tadalafil 5 mg two hours before intercourse; Participants in group (B) received on- demand dapoxetin 30 mg two hours before intercourse; and Participants in group (C) received an on-demand combination of both tadalafil 5 mg and dapoxetin 30 mg two hours before intercourse. Each participant was instructed to engage in sexual activity 2–3 times per week. If an individual met the International Society for Sexual Medicine’s requirements which describes PE as ejaculation that always happens within a minute, following vaginal penetration during the initial sexual encounter (lifetime PE), or a substantial decline in IELT, often within less than 3 minutes (acquired PE), with detrimental personal effects, including anxiety, annoyance, and/or avoiding of sexual intimacy, PE was assumed to be present.

Clinical monitoring

All patients were evaluated by filling a detailed documented medical history including the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) 5- items questionnaires to exclude those with erectile-dysfunction [Citation14]. All patients were instructed to report in a written diary the correct medication intake in their files. Inclusion criteria were heterosexually active men aged more than 20 years with PE (patients with type 1 or lifelong PE were not discriminated from those with acquired type) with IIEF > 22 and at least a three-months period in a stable sexual relationship preceding the research. Exclusion criteria were individuals with diabetes mellitus, chronic prostatitis, erectile dysfunction (IIEF <22), neurological disorders, penile implants or deformities, homosexual men and those who were taking medications for neurological or psychiatric disorders and non-compliant patients. Each patient received a comprehensive pretreatment evaluation that include medical history, clinical assessment, fasting blood glucose level, and hormonal profile (blood glucose and testosterone were measured in the early morning while the patient was fasting).

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Each patient was assessed with measurements of IELT using a stopwatch (held by the partner) at baseline and after treatment. A full explanation about the measurement of the ILET (beginning with intromission and ending with ejaculation) was done. The Kim and Paick dapoxetine 5mg scale, which ranges from 0 to 5, while 0 denoting severe dissatisfaction and 5 denoting extreme pleasure, was used to evaluate sexual satisfaction in all participants prior to and following therapy [Citation15]. Patients were also advised to note any side effects following medication delivery in their follow-up sheets both during medication intake and at the end of treatment. Patients were followed up every month for three months. Premature ejaculation is a frequent male sexual dysfunction, although the real incidence is unclear, 24% to 30% of males may be affected [Citation6,Citation7]. Several drugs as tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. clomipramine) and tramadol could be used for treatment of PE. Selective serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs), like escitalopram, fluoxetine, serteralin, paroxetine and dapoxetine are the most common medications used for management of PE [Citation8–10]. As SSRI, dapoxetine was the first licenced drug with FDA approval used for on-demand management of PE.

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Dapoxetin acts by neglecting the effect for the different G protein coupled and ligand gated channels for all 5-hydroxytryptamin (5-HT) receptor subtypes, it inhibits the 5-HT transporter and activate the 5-HT 2C receptor, an action which diminishes the operation of 5-HT 1A receptor, thus reattaining equilibrium between the actions of 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2C receptors and this leads to increased 5-HT levels in the synaptic clefts which results in delayed ejaculation [Citation11]. Nitric oxide (NO) activates guanylate cyclase which increases the intracellular cGMP in the corpus cavernosum causing smooth muscle relaxation. PDE-5 inhibitors act through increasing nitric oxide which causes relaxation of the smooth muscles of corpus cavernosum and the vas deferens and seminal-vesicles, also they reduce anxiety from sexual performance which is commonly associated with PE [Citation12]. According to several researches, using SSRIs and PDE-5 inhibitors together enhances sexual pleasure and boosts IELT when compared with taking SSRIs alone. PDE-5 may suppress the central sympathetic tone, which causes better erection and increased the time interval for ejaculation [Citation13]. This study aimed to compare the pharmacological effect assessed by IELT in men suffering from PE by using either dapoxetine alone, tadalafil alone, or their combination as a primary outcome and to evaluate the possible side effects of drug therapy as a secondary outcome. This was a prospective, randomized work of patients who attended our andrology clinic with PE from May 2021 to September 2022. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups (using a block randomization strategy in Stata, version 13.1, Stata Corp, for Microsoft windows). Participants in group (A) received on- demand tadalafil 5 mg two hours before intercourse; Participants in group (B) received on- demand dapoxetin 30 mg two hours before intercourse; and Participants in group (C) received an on-demand combination of both tadalafil 5 mg and dapoxetin 30 mg two hours before intercourse. Each participant was instructed to engage in sexual activity 2–3 times per week. If an individual met the International Society for Sexual Medicine’s requirements which describes PE as ejaculation that always happens within a minute, following vaginal penetration during the initial sexual encounter (lifetime PE), or a substantial decline in IELT, often within less than 3 minutes (acquired PE), with detrimental personal effects, including anxiety, annoyance, and/or avoiding of sexual intimacy, PE was assumed to be present. All patients were evaluated by filling a detailed documented medical history including the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) 5- items questionnaires to exclude those with erectile-dysfunction [Citation14].

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We evaluated the eligibility of 385 patients for this research. After exclusions, 92 patients were included in group A and received tadalafil (5 mg) for 12-weeks period, 91 patients were included in Group B and received dapoxetine (30 mg) for 12-weeks period, and 89 patients were included in Group C and received tadalafil (5 mg) and dapoxetine (30 mg) together for 12-weeks period (). All patients reported the medication intake in their files with no dropouts but the needed time for drug intake (two hours before sexual intercourse) was not regularly respected by the patients. No statistically substantial variations were found before treatment among the three groups as regard age, BMI, smoking, fasting blood sugar, FSH, LH, testosterone, E2, and prolactin levels (). The mean of IELT in all the studied patients was 39.3 ± 10.5 seconds, median was 37 (31.25–46) seconds with minimum IELT of 25 seconds and maximum IELT of 65 seconds.

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When comparing IELT before treatment and at the end of treatment (12 weeks posttreatment), there were highly statistically substantial variations in group A (39.4 ± 10 sec. When comparing group C with either group A and group B, no significant variation was found (P = 0.580) for the mean pretreatment IELT measurements (group A: 39.4 ± 10 sec; group B: 40.8 ± 11.2 sec; and group C: 37.9 ± 10.9 sec; ). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean IELT at 4, 8, and 12 months posttreatment in favor of group C (P = < 0.001), also highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean Δ IELT in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ). Post hoc tests at 4, 8, and 12 weeks posttreatment revealed no statistically substantial variations in the mean IELT (P = 0.346, P = 0.508, P = 0.442 respectively) or Δ IELT (P = 0.340) among group A and group B. Highly statistically substantial variations were found among group A and group C and among group B and group C regarding IELT and Δ IELT in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ).

Patients and Methods

When comparing satisfaction scores before treatment and at the end of treatment (12 weeks posttreatment), there were highly statistically substantial variations in group A (1 ± 0.6 vs 3 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), group B (1 ± 0.7 vs 3.2 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), and group C (1.1 ± 0.8 vs 4.1 ± 0.8; p < 0.001) (). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, no significant variation was found (P = 0.821) in the mean pretreatment satisfaction scores (group A: 1 ± 0.6; group B: 1 ± 0.7; and group C: 1.1 ± 0.8; ). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean satisfaction scores at 4, 8, and 12 months posttreatment in favor of group C (P = < 0.001), also a highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean Δ satisfaction scores in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ). All patients were instructed to report in a written diary the correct medication intake in their files.

Additional information

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V) define PE as a persistent or recurrent ejaculation that occurs within approximately 1 minute after vaginal penetration and before the individual wishes it. The problem must present for at least 6 months and present on almost all (approximately 75–100%) or on all occasions of sexual attempts with clinically significant distress and cannot be explained by a nonsexual mental disorder or as a result of severe relationship distress and is not attributable to the effects of a substance/medication or other medical condition [Citation3,Citation4]. A recent comprehensive novel classification of PE was reported by Raveendran A. In this classification, the grading of the severity of reduction of IELT was reported as mild or grade 1 (IELT of 2 to 3 minutes), moderate or grade 2 (IELT of 1 to less than 2 minutes), severe or grade 3 (IELT less than 1 minute), and extreme or grade 4 (ejaculation occurring prior to vaginal penetration) [Citation5]. Premature ejaculation is a frequent male sexual dysfunction, although the real incidence is unclear, 24% to 30% of males may be affected [Citation6,Citation7].

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Several drugs as tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. clomipramine) and tramadol could be used for treatment of PE. Selective serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs), like escitalopram, fluoxetine, serteralin, paroxetine and dapoxetine are the most common medications used for management of PE [Citation8–10]. As SSRI, dapoxetine was the first licenced drug with FDA approval used for on-demand management of PE. Dapoxetin acts by neglecting the effect for the different G protein coupled and ligand gated channels for all 5-hydroxytryptamin (5-HT) receptor subtypes, it inhibits the 5-HT transporter and activate the 5-HT 2C receptor, an action which diminishes the operation of 5-HT 1A receptor, thus reattaining equilibrium between the actions of 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2C receptors and this leads to increased 5-HT levels in the synaptic clefts which results in delayed ejaculation [Citation11].

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Nitric oxide (NO) activates guanylate cyclase which increases the intracellular cGMP in the corpus cavernosum causing smooth muscle relaxation. PDE-5 inhibitors act through increasing nitric oxide which causes relaxation of the smooth muscles of corpus cavernosum and the vas deferens and seminal-vesicles, also they reduce anxiety from sexual performance which is commonly associated with PE [Citation12]. According to several researches, using SSRIs and PDE-5 inhibitors together enhances sexual pleasure and boosts IELT when compared with taking SSRIs alone. PDE-5 may suppress the central sympathetic tone, which causes better erection and increased the time interval for ejaculation [Citation13]. This study aimed to compare the pharmacological effect assessed by IELT in men suffering from PE by using either dapoxetine alone, tadalafil alone, or their combination as a primary outcome and to evaluate the possible side effects of drug therapy as a secondary outcome. Inclusion criteria were heterosexually active men aged more than 20 years with PE (patients with type 1 or lifelong PE were not discriminated from those with acquired type) with IIEF > 22 and at least a three-months period in a stable sexual relationship preceding the research. Exclusion criteria were individuals with diabetes mellitus, chronic prostatitis, erectile dysfunction (IIEF <22), neurological disorders, penile implants or deformities, homosexual men and those who were taking medications for neurological or psychiatric disorders and non-compliant patients. Each patient received a comprehensive pretreatment evaluation that include medical history, clinical assessment, fasting blood glucose level, and hormonal profile (blood glucose and testosterone were measured in the early morning while the patient was fasting). Each patient was assessed with measurements of IELT using a stopwatch (held by the partner) at baseline and after treatment. A full explanation about the measurement of the ILET (beginning with intromission and ending with ejaculation) was done.

Statistical analysis

The local Ethics Committee approved the study. The ethical approval code is: SVU-MED-URO 016-1-21-4-183. The study was performed according to the ethical declaration of Helsinki. Every participant signed a written statement of permission. The Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) Version 24.0 was used for the statistical analysis.

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The mean and standard deviation (M ± SD) were used to represent quantitative data. The frequencies and percentages [n(%)] were used to convey qualitative data. Nonparametric data were compared using a Chi-squared (x2) test. When contrasting more than two means, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized if the data was normally distributed and Kruskal Wallis (KW) test was utilized if the data was not normally distributed. P values were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05.

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To determine the sample size using the G*Power Version 3.1.9.4, we used the IELT to detect a 60-second (1-minute) variation among groups A, B, and C (based on the previous studies). A standard deviation of 150 seconds (2.5 minutes) was used for the sample size calculation. The Cohen’s d effect size was approximately estimated to be 0.4. Therefore, with an alpha of 0.05 using the ANOVA test, the enrollment of a total of 84 patients in each group will provide 90% power. The sample size was increased to compensate for any attrition bias. The Kim and Paick dapoxetine 5mg scale, which ranges from 0 to 5, while 0 denoting severe dissatisfaction and 5 denoting extreme pleasure, was used to evaluate sexual satisfaction in all participants prior to and following therapy [Citation15]. Patients were also advised to note any side effects following medication delivery in their follow-up sheets both during medication intake and at the end of treatment. Patients were followed up every month for three months. The local Ethics Committee approved the study. The ethical approval code is: SVU-MED-URO 016-1-21-4-183. The study was performed according to the ethical declaration of Helsinki. Every participant signed a written statement of permission. The Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) Version 24.0 was used for the statistical analysis. The mean and standard deviation (M ± SD) were used to represent quantitative data. The frequencies and percentages [n(%)] were used to convey qualitative data. Nonparametric data were compared using a Chi-squared (x2) test. When contrasting more than two means, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized if the data was normally distributed and Kruskal Wallis (KW) test was utilized if the data was not normally distributed. P values were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. To determine the sample size using the G*Power Version 3.1.9.4, we used the IELT to detect a 60-second (1-minute) variation among groups A, B, and C (based on the previous studies). A standard deviation of 150 seconds (2.5 minutes) was used for the sample size calculation. The Cohen’s d effect size was approximately estimated to be 0.4. Therefore, with an alpha of 0.05 using the ANOVA test, the enrollment of a total of 84 patients in each group will provide 90% power. The sample size was increased to compensate for any attrition bias. We evaluated the eligibility of 385 patients for this research. After exclusions, 92 patients were included in group A and received tadalafil (5 mg) for 12-weeks period, 91 patients were included in Group B and received dapoxetine (30 mg) for 12-weeks period, and 89 patients were included in Group C and received tadalafil (5 mg) and dapoxetine (30 mg) together for 12-weeks period (). All patients reported the medication intake in their files with no dropouts but the needed time for drug intake (two hours before sexual intercourse) was not regularly respected by the patients. No statistically substantial variations were found before treatment among the three groups as regard age, BMI, smoking, fasting blood sugar, FSH, LH, testosterone, E2, and prolactin levels (). The mean of IELT in all the studied patients was 39.3 ± 10.5 seconds, median was 37 (31.25–46) seconds with minimum IELT of 25 seconds and maximum IELT of 65 seconds. When comparing IELT before treatment and at the end of treatment (12 weeks posttreatment), there were highly statistically substantial variations in group A (39.4 ± 10 sec. When comparing group C with either group A and group B, no significant variation was found (P = 0.580) for the mean pretreatment IELT measurements (group A: 39.4 ± 10 sec; group B: 40.8 ± 11.2 sec; and group C: 37.9 ± 10.9 sec; ). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean IELT at 4, 8, and 12 months posttreatment in favor of group C (P = < 0.001), also highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean Δ IELT in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ).

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Post hoc tests at 4, 8, and 12 weeks posttreatment revealed no statistically substantial variations in the mean IELT (P = 0.346, P = 0.508, P = 0.442 respectively) or Δ IELT (P = 0.340) among group A and group B.

• Sildenafil does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
• Dapoxetine does not reduce the frequency of ejaculation but delays it.
• Patients on nitrate therapy should avoid sildenafil due to severe hypotension risk.
• Dapoxetine is often used in combination with behavioral therapy for PE.
• Sildenafil may interact with medications for HIV and other conditions.
• Dapoxetine’s safety profile is well-established for short-term use.
• Both medications should be stored safely away from children.
• Sildenafil can sometimes cause priapism, which requires emergency treatment.
• Dapoxetine should be discontinued if adverse effects are intolerable.
• Combining sildenafil with alcohol can worsen hypotensive side effects.
• Dapoxetine may also cause dry mouth and blurred vision in some users.
• Regular medical check-ups are recommended during long-term use of these drugs.

Highly statistically substantial variations were found among group A and group C and among group B and group C regarding IELT and Δ IELT in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ).

• Sildenafil is also used in treating certain cases of high blood pressure in lungs.
• Dapoxetine’s primary goal is to delay ejaculation, increasing sexual confidence.
• Both drugs are typically prescribed after clinical assessment of sexual health issues.
• Proper storage of sildenafil and dapoxetine involves keeping away from moisture and heat.
• Sildenafil can cause visual disturbances as a rare side effect.
• Dapoxetine may sometimes lead to mood changes or irritability.
• Both medications are contraindicated with recreational drugs for safety.
• Sildenafil requires careful dose titration for optimal effectiveness.
• Dapoxetine’s use is generally limited to short-term management of PE.
• Patients should report any side effects such as chest pain or severe dizziness.
• Sildenafil’s absorption can be affected by high-fat meals, delaying effects.
• Dapoxetine should be ingested with water, on an empty stomach if possible.

When comparing satisfaction scores before treatment and at the end of treatment (12 weeks posttreatment), there were highly statistically substantial variations in group A (1 ± 0.6 vs 3 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), group B (1 ± 0.7 vs 3.2 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), and group C (1.1 ± 0.8 vs 4.1 ± 0.8; p < 0.001) (). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, no significant variation was found (P = 0.821) in the mean pretreatment satisfaction scores (group A: 1 ± 0.6; group B: 1 ± 0.7; and group C: 1.1 ± 0.8; ). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean satisfaction scores at 4, 8, and 12 months posttreatment in favor of group C (P = < 0.001), also a highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean Δ satisfaction scores in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ).